Since I started teaching photography around 7 years ago, one thing that I've often noticed is many of my students face difficulty executing shots to freeze motion. It’s not that they are unable to choose a fast shutter speed setting. In fact, most of them do choose the right settings and end up with a fairly good exposure. The problem is that when they are asked to freeze motion in a photo, they simply pick any object that’s moving and take a shot. That’s where the problem arises because in spite of managing to freeze a subject, the shot doesn't quite make an impact.
It’s quite alright because they’re starting out in their photography journey, but having the right information would help any photographer become better at freezing action. Beyond camera settings, it is essential when utilizing freeze-motion as a primary effect to choose the right kind of subjects and utilize a few more concepts to maximize the potential of the technique.
Aske HolstMake Sure It Looks Frozen
Remember I said that frozen subjects can sometimes look they are not frozen? Let me explain with an example. Try to take a photo of a slow moving car or a desk fan – try to use a fast shutter speed. Now, quick question – is there a difference between a photo of a desk fan turned off and a desk fan moving but frozen? Same goes with the frozen shot of a slow moving vehicle just like in the photo below. The answer – none. So although the technique was executed perfectly, the result isn’t really effective.
Choosing the right subjects is important here. A bird in flight, a lion pouncing on a rabbit, or someone falling into the pool shows action even in a frozen state – these are the kind of subjects that will work great.
THE Moment
Freeze-motion is used widely in action, sports, and even wildlife photography. With these genres, it is quite common to see shots of animals or sports celebrities making their move.
As we've just learned, effective freeze-motion shows movement. But it shouldn't be just any movement. It should be THE moment. One of the things that you can do is to focus on timing. How do you show the difference between the man jumping high and a man jumping low? It’s all in the timing as to when you’ll take the shot. There is a difference between taking the shot as the man goes up, as the man goes down, or as the man is at the highest point of his jump. Observe someone running. When you take photos of someone running in burst mode given the background is similar, you will see that one photo will be more effective than the rest. It’s because the placement of the hands and feet, and probably the expression on the face is different at various stages of the run. There will be shots when the arms are extended too much and some where it’s bent perfectly to show force and motion and the muscles contracted to show form.
DVIDSHUBCapture Impact and Tension
Some of the best moments to ‘freeze' are those that show impact and tension. If you've ever noticed any famous boxing match photo, you can always see a knockout image of the puncher hitting the face of his opponent at the point that it distorts the face and all the sweat flying around. You can sense the impact from just one photo. This is a great way to use freeze-motion.
SkyFireXIIImpossibile, Unusual, and Uncommon is Catchy
Years ago, there was this videography technique popularized in the movie, The Matrix, where Neo portrayed by Keanu Reeves, dodged bullets by bending backwards with matching hand movements. It wasn’t much what Neo did but the cinematography of slowing down the bullets while the camera rotated. Although this is not necessarily freezing motion, it showed a close up version of a bullet traveling in mid-air. To us who were watching, it looked very fascinating.
DVIDSHUB In the same way, when you choose to show something that we don’t normally see, it can be intriguing and interesting enough to make people stop and look. Making something look like its floating, falling, or flying at its frozen state is something that freezing motion can do. But showing something that people don't normally see float, fall, or fly, is even better. If it looks impossible, unusual or uncommon, it's catchy. Good use of Depth of Field
When you’re practicing trying to freeze motion, you don’t have to ignore the other camera techniques. Since freezing motion uses faster shutter speeds, it is common that you will be using a wide aperture. If the luminance is low, then you can have really wide apertures resulting in shallow depth of field.
Camera sensor size can help you predict image quality before a camera even comes out of the box.
A camera’s sensor is the part of the camera actually capturing the
image. It plays a big role in what the resulting image looks like.
But what does camera sensor size mean? And why does it matter?
Understand when you need a bigger camera sensor — and when you don’t — in this beginner’s guide.
Camera sensor size plays a major role in image quality. Image by Alexander Andrews.
Camera Sensor Sizes Explained
The camera sensor is like a single exposure of film. It can be used over and over again. Just like photography film comes in different sizes, digital cameras have different sensor sizes.
In a digital camera, the sensor is like a solar panel that gathers
the light to create an image. A larger camera sensor will gather more
light, creating a better image overall.
Camera sensor sizes are standardized. This makes it easy to compare
the size of the sensor in one camera to the size of the sensor in
another.
There is some variation, Canon’s APS-C is smaller, for example. But
the variations are slight enough not to make a noticeable difference in
the final image.
Excluding the expensive medium format digital camera, the standard camera sensor sizes are:
APS-C: An APS-C sensor crops the full frame image by about 1.5x, measuring around 22 by 15mm. This is the size sensor found in most entry-level to mid-level DSLRs. Some mirrorless cameras such as Fujifilm’s, and sometimes a high-end compact camera also have it.
Micro Four Thirds: The Micro Four Thirds sensor camera
launched with the start of the mirrorless camera. It was to find a
happy medium between camera size and image quality. The Micro Four
Thirds sensor has a 2x crop compared to a full frame sensor, measuring
17.3 by 13mm. Olympus mirrorless cameras use a Micro Four Thirds sensor.
So do most Panasonic mirrorless cameras.
One inch: Designed for compact cameras, the
one-inch camera sensor measures about 13.2 by 8.8 mm, with a 2.7x crop
from full frame. A one-inch sensor is found in a high-end compact
camera. It packs more quality than a compact camera, but not as much as a
DSLR or mirrorless camera.
Compact camera and smartphone sensor sizes: The sensors in typical compact cameras and smartphones
have more variation. All of them are small considering the size of a
full frame sensor. A 1/2.3-inch sensor is one of the most popular sizes,
along with sizes like a 1/1.7-inch.
Cameras with a sensor smaller than full frame have what’s called a crop factor. Because the camera sensor is smaller, the image is cropped in closer.
Full-frame sensors offer the most quality. But there are a few perks to picking up a camera with a smaller sensor.
So what are the pros and cons of going with a large sensor compared to a small one?
The Pros and Cons of a Large Camera Sensor Size
Larger Camera Sensors Have Better Image Quality
Camera sensor size is one of the biggest indicators of image quality.
Other influencing factors are the number of megapixels, the design of
the camera sensor, and the camera’s processor.
Larger camera sensors capture images with more light, less noise, more detail, and more of that beautiful background blur, to name a few.
When comparing two cameras, if one has a larger sensor, that one will have better image quality.
Larger Camera Sensors Gather More Light
One of the reasons larger camera sensors mean a better image has to
do with light. The larger the surface area of the sensor is, the more
light it can gather in a single shot.
Larger camera sensors are excellent for low light photography for that reason. A larger camera sensor can gather more light even with the same shutter speed and aperture.
That’s why they tend to do better at any type of shot where the lighting is limited. For example, photographing a night landscape or photographing a theatre production, concert, or dark dance floor.
Larger Camera Sensors Handle High Megapixel Counts Better, With Less Noise
Camera sensor size and megapixel count go hand-in-hand. But a higher
megapixel count is always better on a larger camera sensor than on a
smaller one.
A 50-megapixel full frame sensor will have larger pixels than a
50-megapixel APS-C sensor. Those megapixels have more room on that
larger sensor.
That’s why it’s much easier to find a 50-megapixel full-frame sensor than it is to find a 50-megapixel APS-C sensor.
More megapixels create a higher-resolution image
with more details. But, trying to fit a lot of megapixels on a smaller
sensor creates problems when it comes to low light photography. Those
pixels are so small.
A small sensor with 25 megapixels will have more noise or grain at high ISOs than a full frame sensor with 25 megapixels.
Larger Camera Sensors Create More Background Blur
Ever wonder why you can’t get that nice soft background blur from
your smartphone? Larger camera sensors make that nice soft background
easier to attain. This is near impossible with a smaller sensor.
That’s why smartphone companies are faking background blur using
artificial intelligence in portrait mode. The sensors are just too small
for the real thing.
If you want that soft background blur or narrow depth of field, you want a full frame camera with a wide aperture lens.
Larger camera sensor sizes create more background blur in a number of different ways. The larger sensor size increases background blur due to the enlargement factor.
Larger sensors don’t crop the image. Photographers will also tend to
get closer to the subject, which will also increase background blur.
Smaller Camera Sensors Allow for Better Zooms
Full frame cameras may take the cake when it comes to image quality
and background blur. But if you want to get up close, a smaller sensor
has a few perks.
The camera sensor’s crop factor means smaller sensors make it easy to get up close to the subject. Zoom lenses are also smaller and cheaper when designed for smaller sensor cameras.
For example, the Micro Four Thirds sensor has a 2x crop factor. That means a 300mm lens is really a 600mm lens.
One of the biggest perks to a smaller sensor is that it’s easier to
get up close. Without carrying around a huge, $10,000 600mm full frame
lens.
That’s a big consideration for photographers that can’t move closer to the subject. This includes wildlife photographers and sports photographers.
Smaller Camera Sensors Mean Smaller Cameras Overall
If the camera sensor is smaller, in general, the entire camera will
also be smaller. That’s not true 100 percent of the time (like with the
large Micro Four Thirds Olympus OM-D E-M1X).
But most of the time, smaller sensor cameras weigh less and are more compact.
If you want a good travel camera, a smaller sensor camera may be easier to pack. The growth of mirrorless camera changes this some.
It’s now easier to find a compact full frame camera than ever before.
But most Micro Four Thirds and APS-C mirrorless cameras are still more
compact.
The bigger reason that smaller sensors mean smaller camera systems is
that the lenses are smaller. You can pack a 150mm lens to get the reach
of a large 300mm lens on a Micro Four Thirds system, for example.
The perk is with the biggest telephoto lenses, the wide angle lenses won’t offer much of a difference.
Smaller Camera Sensors Are More Budget-Friendly
One of the biggest reasons to skip the full frame? The cost. Most full-frame cameras are professional-level gear.
Entry-level full frames can be picked up for around $1,200 to $1,500. But many are $2,000, $3,000 and even higher.
Photographers on a budget can get most of the same perks by choosing a
mid-sized sensor. Sure, an APS-C sensor isn’t quite as good as a full
frame sensor. But it is way ahead of smartphones and compact cameras.
The entry-level options can be picked up for a few hundred dollars instead of a few thousand.
Some smaller sensor cameras are able to pack in more high-end features without getting too crazy with the price point.
Finding advanced features like 4K video and in-body image
stabilization for under $1,500 is often easier with a Micro Four Thirds
camera system.
Camera sensor size is the biggest indicator of image quality. It’s
also important to note that it’s not the only quality indicator. More
megapixels will increase detail (but also tend to decrease low light
quality).
A backlit sensor is also better than a sensor of the same size that’s
not backlit. The camera’s processor or built-in computer handling those
images also play a role in image quality. Newer processors tend to
produce less grain on the image than older processors.
The lens plays a role in image quality as well. Whether that lens is attached to the camera or interchangeable.
Larger camera sensors capture better images. This is especially true in low light, with more background blur and the potential for fitting in more megapixels.
Smaller camera sensors, meanwhile, offer more zoom, smaller overall camera sizes, and lower price points.
So what sensor size is right for you? If you want maximum background
blur and the best low light quality, choose a full frame camera.
If you want still great photos on a budget, try an APS-C camera. And
if you want a travel-friendly interchangeable lens camera or need some
serious zoom power, consider a Micro Four Thirds sensor.
Cameras are complicated. I was frustrated with my first DSLR. I just couldn’t capture what I saw through my viewfinder. It took a ton of trial and error.
When I managed to work it all out, I started taking some pretty
spectacular images. In this post, I will share with you everything that
I’ve learned from my mistakes.
Infographic
As beginner photographers, we tend to be visual learners. And it’s my
job to make beginning photography as easy as possible for you.
So I thought to myself, “What better way to help beginner
photographers learn how to use their cameras, than by creating an
infographic?” And that’s exactly what I did.
I collaborated with an illustrator friend of mine, and together we
made these images. The following are something that will make
understanding exposure, and how cameras work, a whole lot easier!
Check out what we came up with below:
Let’s dive into more depth…
For those beginning photography, exposure is key to capturing a great image.
Learning how exposure works will help you to take control of your camera and take better photos. Aperture, shutter speed, ISO are the elements that combine to create an exposure.
As you’ll soon learn, these elements have an effect on more than just the exposure. They also cause alterations in depth of field, motion blur, and digital noise.
Once you understand how each one works, you can start diving into
manual mode. This is where you take control back from your camera.
The exposure triangle is a great way to remember the three settings.
When combined, they control the amount of light captured from any given
scene.
This will help you to understand that changing one setting will
necessitate a change in the others. That is if you are photographing the
same scene with the same exact lighting conditions.
Read here for all the information you need on the exposure triangle.
Exposure happens in three steps. We will start with the aperture.
This is the hole inside the lens, through which the light passes.
It’s similar to the pupil of your eye: the wider the aperture, the more light is allowed in and vice versa. Simple? Not quite.
As the aperture widens, the f/number gets lower and more light is
allowed into the camera. This is great for low light but be aware that
it’s going to make the depth of field very shallow – not ideal when
taking landscapes.
So there’s a bit of give and take and I go into full detail about that in this post.
The aperture is the preferred setting to set first, as it directly
influences how much of your scene is in focus. But, if you are looking
to create motion blur, then it is second to the shutter speed.
Exposure will be much easier if you can memorize the f/stop scale. The scale is as follows: f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22.
Once the light has passed through the aperture of the lens, it
reaches the shutter. Now you need to decide how much of that light
you’re going to allow into the camera.
Ordinarily, you only want a very small fraction of a second (for
example 1/250) to prevent motion blur. However, different shutter speeds
complement different situations.
Anything from really fast (1/4000) for sports photography to really slow (30 seconds) for night photography. It all depends on what you’re shooting and how much light you have available to you.
Knowing how your shutter speed works is a key element in the basics of photography.
Once the light has passed through the aperture and been filtered by
the shutter speed, it reaches the sensor. This is where we decide how to
set the ISO.
As you turn the ISO number up, you increase the exposure. But, at the
same time, the image quality decreases. There will be more digital
noise or “grain”.
So you have to decide upon your priorities in terms of exposure vs grain.
For example, I would reduce the image quality if it meant that I
could prevent motion blur in my photo. There’s no possible way to fix
that in post-production (yet, at least).
Once you’ve understood aperture, shutter speed and ISO, you need to learn how each of these elements of exposure work together.
For all those basics of photography, exposure is the most important.
If you don’t have this down, composition and framing become a moot point in beginner photography.
In this post, you will learn about the ‘stop’ based system for
measuring exposure. But, more importantly, how to prioritize the
aperture, shutter speed, and ISO for the best photo.
Every time.
Digital photography for beginners can be confusing. Exposure isn’t as
simple as learning about aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. You also
have to learn about how your camera looks at light. Metering modes are there to tell your camera how you want it to look at a scene.
The photo below was taken on spot metering mode but, if you were to take the same photo using evaluative mode, you would end up with a completely different exposure.
This is also covered in my free video training. If you’re looking for an article that explains digital, including Canon, metering modes, here it is.
Understanding this basic photography point may just be the key to understanding why your photos are coming out underexposed or overexposed.
The histogram shows you a mathematical review of an exposure after
the photo has been taken. It essentially tells you how evenly exposed a
photo is.
LCD screens aren’t very good at showing you this information through
their display of the image. This is because they are affected by the
ambient lighting conditions you’re in and the brightness of the screen
itself.
That’s why the histogram is such a powerful tool to utilize in beginning photography correctly.
Full-Auto, Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Speed Priority or Manual Mode. How do you work out which one you should be using?
There’s also a lot of misconceptions about which mode to use under
which conditions. On top of a lot of bias towards not using manual mode.
When you understand what exactly each mode does, the one that will be
suitable for your situation becomes a lot clearer. This is also covered
in my free video training.
When you’re shooting in low light, you invariably have to widen your
aperture to allow enough light into the lens. But this has one rather a
major side effect. A shallow depth of field.
This can be used very creatively (often to excess) but it’s not the
only possibility. There are many situations, such as landscapes, where
you’ll want to be using a narrower aperture so that the whole scene
remains in focus.
This tutorial walks you through everything you need to know about choosing the right aperture (and therefore the depth of field) for the right situation.
When it comes to covering all of the basics of photography, depth of field is very important.
White balance is something I wish I’d learned more about much sooner
than I did. I look back on some photos now and wonder what I was
thinking.
The white balance changes the color cast of the entire photo. It is
responsible for the overall warmth. It can determine whether your photo
appears blue or orange, cold or warm.
Auto white balance doesn’t tend to do a particularly good job,
particularly with tungsten light. The sooner you learn about this basic
photography idea, the more accurate your photos will look.
This is also covered in my free video training.
Have you ever wondered what the ‘mm’ on your lens actually means? Or why people use longer focal lengths for portraits?
It’s all discussed in this tutorial. The focal length affects more than just the ‘zoom’. It also influences the perspective.
I cover which focal length you would want to use in different situations. As well as their possible side effects.
It’s a really worthy read and one of my favorite tutorials to date.
A lot of you may not realize but, unless you spend about $2000 on
your camera, you’re more than likely to be shooting on a crop sensor.
This means that your sensor is much smaller than professional SLR
cameras, essentially cropping your image. The crop factor has a range of
effects on your photos.
It creates a narrower viewing angle and will influence your
lens purchases in the future. For those beginner photographers, research
what lenses will help your field of photography first.
Polarizing filters only allow light into the lens from a certain
direction. This results in the removal of glare and reflections from
non-metallic objects.
Water and glass are the most affected, as well as haze from the sky.
Cutting out these reflections and anomalies will make for more naturally
saturated colors.
Not only does this look great but it cannot be replicated in post-production, hence it’s so important to understand.
For beginning photography, I will walk you through the 10 step process of taking professionally sharp photos.
It covers everything from choosing the right aperture and shutter speed to shooting in RAW.
It’s pretty easy to make just a few small mistakes which will result
in less sharp images. That’s why we cover all ten, in order of
importance.
What can I say about the nifty fifty? What’s not to love?
For those of you who are beginner photographers, when I talk about the nifty fifty, I’m referring to the 50mm f/1.8 prime lens. This can be picked up very cheap for most digital SLRs.
It’s a great introduction to buying better quality lenses and an excellent way of getting to grips with aperture.
The article linked is a review and guide. I wrote it because I
recommend this lens as the first upgrade for every beginner photographer
to make.
It’s easy to use and, for the price, will yield some excellent results.
It’s important to understand exposure. But, if you can’t get to grips with basic composition, you’ll struggle to take really good photos.
I’m not saying that you have to follow every compositional rule. But
it helps to learn these rules so they can help guide you in taking
better photos.
This is probably the first compositional rule that any beginner
photographer comes across. And that’s for a very good reason: it’s
simple and it works.
The basic premise is that you divide your camera’s frame into thirds.
By planting key objects on these lines, the composition of the image
works better.
This is a tool that consistently works, but it is easy to overuse it.
If you’ve not learned much about photography yet, it’s a great way of
dramatically improving your photos.
It will help to make them more interesting.
Visual weight differs in size or weight as we know it. It’s all about what we’re drawn to when we look at a photo.
When you understand visual weight, you’ll start to understand how
people look at photos and how you can position certain elements in a
frame to direct the viewer’s attention to where you want them to look.
It’s not so much a tool or a rule, but an understanding.
Shapes are very important in Photography. Triangles are in almost
everything we see in one way or another, it’s just a case of
distinguishing and knowing what to do with them.
Triangles make great compositional tools as they’re easy to make and
manipulate, and are remarkably common. These are a great way to use the
simplest and most basic photography compositions.
They are also perfect for combining different compositional
techniques. These include lines and paths, to create a more interesting
part of a photograph.
You can even use them to make a photo feel more stable or unstable.
If you take photos of people, you’re taking photos with eye
lines. It’s important to understand the effect that eye lines have
on how we view a photo.
Eye-lines are the direction your subject’s eyes are pointed in. The negative space in front of the subject’s face is known as ‘lead room‘.
These have the ability to focus our attention on a particular part of
the photo. They also produce tension and other photographic elements.
Although they’re not physical lines, they can be used as such to
produce different elements. These will help make triangles and vertical
lines.
Balance in a photo affects how we feel when we look at it. An
unbalanced photo can make us feel uneasy, whereas a balanced photo will
make us feel more relaxed.
It really doesn’t matter whether you choose to make the photo
balanced or unbalanced. But you should understand why you’ve chosen one
or the other.
Both affect your photos in different ways.
Again, it’s one of those situations where the more you know, the easier it will be to produce the desired effect.
So that’s a brief introduction to digital photography for beginners.
Of course, there’s tons more you can learn about photography and I would encourage you to go and explore for yourself in my tutorial archive.
In the meantime, if you’re looking to get started with some free premium training for photographers, check out this video. Want to get ahead of the beginner pack? Check out our new post about awesome photography facts next!
Have you ever thought about duplicating yourself? It would be great to have one of yourself do the everyday work. Meanwhile, another one could be watching a movie, and maybe a third one traveling somewhere far away.
Well, we cannot help with that. But we can show you how to clone yourself in Photoshop. My colleague, head writer Craig Hull
What You Will Need to Clone Yourself in Photoshop
Camera: Anything that has a manual mode and a tripod mount will do it. We used a Canon EOS 5D MkIV and a 24-70mm f/2.8L II lens today, but you can absolutely do this with much cheaper gear.
Tripod: You’ll need a tripod that can safely and steadily hold your camera. Other than that, nothing fancy is necessary.
Adobe Photoshop: We used the latest CC version, but the features needed for this are included in every release.
How to Clone Yourself in Photoshop – Step by Step
Preparing
Creating a great image always involves preliminary thinking. Imagine your composition before setting up the shot. Place yourself in the frame, come up with the poses that you’ll take.
To get the best results, we recommend that you create this photo in a place without much movement. People walking by or constantly changing objects in the background can make masking laborious.
Also, if you’re shooting outdoors in natural light, be aware of the light. If it changes quickly, you’ll have to be quick as well. Correcting for exposure differences in Photoshop is possible, but it can be challenging.
Shooting
1. Frame up your shot. Be aware of moving stuff in the background. Set up your composition as you planned it. Level your camera horizontally (if you don’t intentionally want it to bank). Tighten the head and legs of the tripod to avoid it moving during the shoot. 2. Set your camera to fully manual. Set everything manually, particularly if you’re shooting jpg (which we don’t recommend). Switch to manual focus and focus on where you’ll be. Turn off image stabilization, it can cause problems when used on tripods. 3. Get a correct exposure. You need to be careful. Try to get the exposures to each of your positions balanced. This might cause some of those places to be over or underexposed. Depending on your camera, set it so your camera can capture the most detail. Canon sensors like to be very slightly overexposed. Sony and Nikon cameras usually handle underexposure better. You have to use the same settings for every photo. 4. Be consciousof the aperture. If you want only one instance of yourself in focus, choose the widest setting. If not, set it around f/8-f/11. Don’t use a shutter speed longer than 1/100s. Even yourself moving can create motion blur. 5. Use a timer and/or a remote release. Set up your camera to count down (10 seconds is usually enough). You can use a remote release as well, but it might show up in the shot. In some cameras, you can combine these two. This is the best solution. You can also ask someone to take the shots, but be careful not to move the camera. 6. Take the shots in each position. Watch for changing light, start over if something drastically changes in the frame. Review the shots. If you don’t like one, feel free to retake it.
Post-Processing
This a non-destructive process, which means that every single step is independently editable and undoable.
If you mess something up or don’t like the end result, don’t worry. You can always go back wherever you want. 1. Import the photos. If you’ve shot raw photos, do your initial editing. Don’t introduce too strong contrast. You can do that at the end of the process. Set your editing mode to 16 bit, so you’ll preserve more data in your photos. Apply the exact same settings to each shot. 2. Load your photos into Photoshop. Place them onto layers in one file. If you’ve imported them from Camera Raw and they opened up in different tabs, drag and drop them into one tab. 3. If you discover small movements, realign the images. Change the upper layer’s opacity to around 50% so you can see the reference layer below. Move the upper layer with the arrow keys in small increments. Once they are aligned, set the opacity back to 100%. Repeat this process until everything is in place. 4. Create a fully black Layer Mask. Do this for every layer, except the one on the bottom. Select a layer, then hold Alt (Windows)/Option (Mac) and click on the mask icon.
This creates a layer mask and automatically fills it with black, so the layer will be hidden. 5. Reveal yourself on the layers. Proceeding upwards from the bottom, paint with a white brush on the mask of each layer. This reveals the content of the layer. To blend it correctly with the other layers, use a brush with a soft edge.
Set the hardness of the brush close to 0. Hold down Alt/Option, click and hold the right button, and drag the mouse vertically. 6. Finalize the Layer Masks. You might have to mask out not only yourself but changing objects or changing light.
In this case, I had to mask blown-out highlights out and replace them with parts from another layer. 7. Add adjustment layers. If you want to edit further or color-grade your photos, now is the time. You can add adjustment layers and retouch parts on new layers.
Congrats! You just learned how to clone yourself in Photoshop. You can use this technique to express yourself better, or just to entertain your audience with unique photos. Best of luck!
One of the first things that you come across in photography is the F-stop. F-stops, as a measurement of the lens, is an essential part of exposure. You should also know about the T-Stop.
Let’s take a look at T-stop vs f-stop and find out the differences.
What Does F-Stop Mean?
The f-stop is a value of the entrance pupil of the lens, where the iris is.
The f-stop value is a ratio, the focal length divided by the diameter of the entrance pupil. So, if your focal length is 50mm, and the diameter is 25mm, you’ve got an f/2 lens. If you close the aperture down, that diameter narrows, and less light can pass. The f-stop marked on your lens is the highest value.
But, there’s a lot more to light transmittance than the f-stops ratio. There are many factors: the quality of glass, the number of lens elements, the amount of reflection inside the barrel. They all influence how much light reaches the sensor.
In consequence, the f-stop is only proportional to the amount of light passing. It’s not an absolute value.
What Does T-Stop Mean?
This is where the T-stop comes in handy. It is the f-stop corrected by the actual ratio light transmittance.
You can calculate it by dividing the f-stop of the lens by the square root of light transmittance. So, let’s suppose we have a lens with a maximum aperture of 2.8, and 90% of the light goes through. We divide 2.8 by √0.90. The resulting value is 2.953, which we can round up to T/3.0.
How Can We Determine the Exact Transmittance?
There is, unfortunately, no formula that tells us the exact transmittance. If we want to know the precise amount of light getting through, we have to measure it.
But it’s not something you can do at home. It’s a meticulous process, requiring a lot of testing and investment.
Some studios do light transmittance measuring themselves, but it’s generally not 100% accurate. Take a look at DXOmark’s database to compare lenses based on their T-stop.
Which Lenses Have the Highest Transmittance?
The more elements there are in a lens, the lower the transmittance it has. Every lens element decreases it a little bit.
So, for example, zoom lenses have lower transmittance than primes.
Much depends on the quality of glass and build as well. Cheaper lenses usually have worse quality glass in them. That means (among other things) that they let less light pass than more expensive optics.
There are exceptions, of course. For example, Rokinon’s manual focus lenses are not only of very high quality, but they even have their cinema lens counterparts.
Build quality inside the lens counts, as well. With better treatment for internal reflections, less light will get lost.
What Is the Purpose of T-stops?
There are many reasons why you don’t see T-stops in your everyday photography.
One reason is that it is expensive to measure accurately. So, companies don’t even test their cheaper lenses for transmittance.
The other is that in photography, f-stops are more practical. Today, every digital camera has built-in metering and high ISO performance. So you hardly notice the difference between a T3.2 and T2.9 lens (if both F/2.8), because your camera corrects for that.
The field where T-stops are much more usable is video production.
Using T-Stop to Avoid Exposure Differences With Cinema Lenses
When you are always switching angles, it is crucial to avoid exposure differences between them. The easiest way to achieve this is by using lenses with the same T-stop.
Cinema lenses are marked with their T-stop instead of an f-stop. Cinema lens lines also share the same casing and weight. This feature makes balancing and fitting accessories on them easier for cinematographers. Also, they feature pullable focusing and zoom rings.
The optics inside these cinema lenses do not differ much from photography lenses. Take a look at Canon’s 50mm f/1.2 and 50mm t1.3 lenses – they have very similar optics in two different barrels.
If you never had to bother with T-stops, you will likely not use them from now on either. But, it is useful to know about T-stops to avoid misconceptions.
Aske Holst Make Sure It Looks Frozen
DVIDSHUB Capture Impact and Tension
SkyFireXII Impossibile, Unusual, and Uncommon is Catchy
DVIDSHUB In the same way, when you choose to show something that we don’t normally see, it can be intriguing and interesting enough to make people stop and look. Making something look like its floating, falling, or flying at its frozen state is something that freezing motion can do. But showing something that people don't normally see float, fall, or fly, is even better. If it looks impossible, unusual or uncommon, it's catchy.
cpboingo, on Flickr
